Blockchain Glossary

A unique identifier used to receive, store, or send digital assets within a blockchain network. It typically consists of a string of alphanumeric characters.

A set of rules or procedures used to perform a specific task within the context of blockchain, such as consensus mechanisms, encryption, or hashing functions.

A set of protocols, tools, and definitions that allow different software applications to communicate with each other. In the context of blockchain, APIs enable interaction with blockchain networks, such as submitting transactions or retrieving data.

Refers to a blockchain or cryptocurrency protocol designed to resist the centralization of mining power by ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) mining hardware. It aims to maintain a more decentralized mining ecosystem.

A decentralized mechanism that enables the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another directly between two parties without the need for an intermediary. It ensures that either the entire transaction is completed, or none of it is, reducing the risk of fraud.

The sum of all potential vulnerabilities and entry points through which an attacker can gain unauthorized access to a blockchain system or network. It includes factors such as software flaws, weak network security, and human error.

A cryptographic mechanism used to verify the authenticity or integrity of data within a blockchain network. It involves providing evidence or confirmation of certain facts or transactions.

A decentralized process in which digital assets, tokens, or services are bought or sold to the highest bidder. It can be used for various purposes, including fundraising, governance, or the distribution of scarce resources.

In the context of Ethereum 2.0, the Beacon Chain serves as the backbone of the new proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism. It coordinates validators, manages the Casper FFG consensus protocol, and facilitates shard chains.

A collection of data containing a set of transactions that are cryptographically linked and added to the blockchain in a sequential order. Blocks are the fundamental units of a blockchain network.

A decentralized and distributed digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers in a way that is immutable, transparent, and secure. Each transaction is cryptographically linked and stored in blocks.

A web-based tool or application that allows users to view and navigate through the contents of a blockchain. It provides information about blocks, transactions, addresses, and other relevant data.

The metadata structure at the beginning of a block that contains various pieces of information, including the block's hash, timestamp, nonce, and a reference to the previous block's hash. It is used to verify and link blocks within the blockchain.

The number of blocks in the blockchain from the genesis block to a specific block. It serves as a measure of the blockchain's progress and is often used to refer to a specific point in the blockchain's history.

A reward given to miners or validators for successfully adding a new block to the blockchain. It typically consists of newly minted coins or tokens, along with any transaction fees collected within the block.

The average time taken to generate a new block in a blockchain network. It is an important metric that influences network throughput, transaction confirmation times, and overall system performance.

A probabilistic data structure used to test whether an element is a member of a set. In the context of blockchain, Bloom filters are often used to reduce the amount of data needed to verify the presence of transactions or addresses within a block.

A cryptocurrency or digital asset that is considered reliable, reputable, and relatively stable in value over time. It may be backed by strong fundamentals, widespread adoption, or a well-established development team.

A reward offered to individuals or groups in exchange for identifying and reporting bugs, vulnerabilities, or other security issues within a blockchain protocol, smart contract, or decentralized application (DApp). Bounties help improve security and promote community involvement.

A term derived from 'build' within the blockchain community, emphasizing the importance of actively developing and deploying decentralized applications (DApps), protocols, or infrastructure rather than merely speculating or trading on cryptocurrencies.

A set of machine-readable instructions generated by compiling source code written in high-level programming languages. In the context of blockchain, bytecode often refers to the compiled form of smart contracts or decentralized applications (DApps) that can be executed by a virtual machine.

A property of a distributed system, including blockchain networks, that allows them to operate correctly and reach consensus even if some of the nodes in the network fail or behave maliciously. It ensures the network's reliability and security against Byzantine faults.

A major upgrade or protocol change in a blockchain network, typically implemented through a hard fork, that introduces new features, improvements, or fixes. In Ethereum's history, the Byzantium fork was part of the larger Metropolis upgrade.

A block proposed by a miner or validator that contains a set of transactions waiting to be added to the blockchain. It competes with other candidate blocks to be selected and appended to the blockchain through the consensus mechanism.

The property of a blockchain or cryptocurrency that ensures transactions cannot be censored or prevented by any centralized authority or third party. It enables users to freely transact and communicate without fear of interference or suppression.

A cryptographic algorithm or method used to encrypt or decrypt data, ensuring its confidentiality and integrity. Ciphers play a crucial role in securing communications, transactions, and sensitive information within blockchain networks.

A blockchain-focused financial technology (fintech) platform developed by ConsenSys, offering various solutions and services to enterprises, developers, and financial institutions. Codefi provides tools for tokenization, asset management, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain analytics.

A cryptocurrency wallet that stores private keys offline, disconnected from the internet, to enhance security and protect digital assets from hacking or unauthorized access. Cold wallets are often used for long-term storage or large sums of cryptocurrencies.

The practice of hosting blockchain nodes, mining rigs, or servers in a shared data center or facility with access to high-speed internet, power, and cooling infrastructure. Colocation services enable efficient operation and maintenance of blockchain infrastructure.

The process of validating and adding a transaction to the blockchain, ensuring its inclusion in a block and its subsequent immutability. Confirmations provide assurance that a transaction has been successfully executed and accepted by the network.

The duration it takes for a transaction to be confirmed and added to the blockchain. Confirmation time varies depending on factors such as network congestion, transaction fees, and consensus mechanisms, with faster confirmation times often desired for timely transactions.

The convergence or intersection of multiple factors, events, or influences within a blockchain ecosystem. Confluence can refer to the alignment of interests, technologies, or developments that drive innovation, collaboration, or growth.

The collective agreement or decision-making process among participants in a blockchain network regarding the validity of transactions and the addition of new blocks to the blockchain. Consensus mechanisms ensure network security, integrity, and decentralization.

A planned upgrade or hard fork in the Ethereum blockchain, aimed at improving scalability, efficiency, and functionality. Constantinople was one of the key milestones in Ethereum's development roadmap.

A self-executing agreement or program deployed on a blockchain, typically written in smart contract languages such as Solidity. Contracts automatically enforce terms and conditions, execute actions, and manage assets according to predefined rules.

The risk that one party in a transaction may default on its obligations or fail to fulfill its contractual obligations, resulting in financial loss or disruption. Counterparty risk is mitigated in blockchain transactions by the use of smart contracts and decentralized protocols.

Proof of identity, authorization, or ownership required to access or interact with certain features, services, or assets within a blockchain network. Credentials may include cryptographic keys, digital signatures, or other authentication mechanisms.

Refers to interactions or interoperability between different blockchain networks or protocols. Cross-chain technologies enable the transfer of assets, data, or functionality across disparate blockchains, fostering liquidity, scalability, and innovation.

Protocols or mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of assets or data between different blockchain networks or ecosystems. Cross-chain bridges aim to overcome the interoperability challenges and enable seamless interaction and communication across disparate blockchains.

A set of rules, algorithms, and cryptographic techniques governing the operation, security, and functionality of a blockchain or cryptocurrency network. Crypto protocols define how transactions are verified, consensus is reached, and data is transmitted and stored securely.

The storage and safekeeping of digital assets, typically performed by custodians or service providers on behalf of individuals or institutions. Custody solutions aim to secure assets from theft, loss, or unauthorized access.

A background process or program that runs continuously in the background on a computer or server, performing various tasks or services. In the context of blockchain, daemons are often used to interact with blockchain networks, manage nodes, or provide infrastructure services.

An organization or entity governed by smart contracts and decentralized protocols, rather than traditional hierarchical structures or centralized authorities. DAOs enable transparent, autonomous decision-making and resource allocation within a blockchain ecosystem.

An application or software program that operates on a decentralized network, such as a blockchain, without a central authority controlling its operation or data. DApps leverage smart contracts and peer-to-peer protocols to offer transparency, security, and censorship resistance.

The distribution of power, control, or authority across multiple nodes or participants in a network, reducing reliance on central points of failure or control. Decentralization promotes resilience, transparency, and inclusivity in blockchain ecosystems.

A digital marketplace or platform that enables peer-to-peer trading of cryptocurrencies or digital assets without the need for intermediaries or centralized control. DEXs use smart contracts and decentralized protocols to facilitate secure and transparent transactions.

A financial ecosystem built on blockchain technology that aims to recreate traditional financial services, such as lending, borrowing, trading, and asset management, in a decentralized and permissionless manner. DeFi platforms leverage smart contracts and open protocols to enable trustless transactions and financial innovation.

Indexes or benchmarks composed of assets traded on decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms or blockchain networks, providing insights into the performance and composition of decentralized asset portfolios. Decentralized indexes aim to capture the diversity and value of decentralized finance ecosystems.

The process of converting encrypted data or ciphertext back into its original plaintext form, using a decryption key or algorithm. Decryption is essential for accessing and interpreting encrypted information stored on blockchain networks or transmitted across decentralized systems.

The part of the internet that is not indexed by traditional search engines and is not readily accessible to the general public. It includes encrypted websites, private networks, and unindexed content, often associated with privacy, anonymity, and illicit activities.

The removal of a cryptocurrency or digital asset from a trading platform or exchange, typically due to regulatory concerns, lack of liquidity, security issues, or non-compliance with listing requirements. Delisting can affect asset liquidity and market access.

The transfer of funds, assets, or tokens into a cryptocurrency wallet, smart contract, or exchange account for storage, staking, or trading purposes. Deposits enable users to participate in various blockchain activities and services.

The process of generating cryptographic keys, addresses, or values from a master key or seed using predetermined algorithms or functions. Key derivation ensures secure and deterministic key generation in blockchain wallets, hierarchical deterministic wallets (HD wallets), and other cryptographic systems.

A type of security vulnerability or exploit targeting weaknesses or flaws in the design or implementation of blockchain protocols, smart contracts, or decentralized applications (DApps). Design flaw attacks can lead to financial losses, system disruptions, or unauthorized access to assets.

A series of annual conferences organized by the Ethereum Foundation and the broader Ethereum community, bringing together developers, researchers, entrepreneurs, and enthusiasts to discuss and collaborate on Ethereum technology, applications, and ecosystem development.

A parameter used in blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin, to regulate the rate at which new blocks are generated and added to the blockchain. Difficulty adjusts dynamically based on network hash rate to maintain a consistent block production time.

A programmed feature or mechanism in some blockchain networks, such as Ethereum, that increases the difficulty of mining over time, eventually making mining unprofitable or impractical. Difficulty bombs are designed to incentivize network upgrades or transitions to new consensus mechanisms.

Any form of value or ownership represented digitally on a blockchain or distributed ledger. Digital assets can include cryptocurrencies, tokens, digital securities, intellectual property, or other digital representations of real-world assets.

A digital representation of an individual, organization, or entity's identity and attributes stored and managed on a blockchain or decentralized system. Digital identities enable secure and verifiable authentication, access control, and identity verification in online interactions.

A cryptographic technique used to verify the authenticity, integrity, and origin of digital messages, documents, or transactions. Digital signatures provide non-repudiation and tamper-proofing in blockchain transactions and communications.

An attack aimed at disrupting the normal operation of a computer system, network, or service by overwhelming it with a large volume of traffic or requests from multiple sources. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks can cause service outages, slowdowns, or interruptions.

A decentralized database or ledger maintained across multiple nodes or participants in a network, where each node stores an identical copy of the ledger. Distributed ledgers enable transparent, secure, and tamper-proof recording and verification of transactions or data.

A situation where different nodes or participants in a blockchain network reach conflicting conclusions or states due to disagreements in protocol rules, consensus mechanisms, or network conditions. Divergence can lead to temporary forks or inconsistencies in the blockchain.

The practice of spreading investments, assets, or risks across multiple assets, sectors, or markets to reduce exposure to individual risks and enhance overall portfolio performance. Diversification is essential for managing risk and optimizing returns in blockchain investment strategies.

A scenario in which a digital asset or cryptocurrency is spent more than once, allowing the spender to defraud the recipient by creating multiple transactions with the same funds. Double spending is prevented in blockchain networks through consensus mechanisms and cryptographic techniques.

The act of spending the same digital currency or asset multiple times, exploiting a vulnerability or weakness in the payment system. Double spending undermines the integrity and trustworthiness of digital transactions and is a significant concern in decentralized systems.

A type of attack in which an attacker isolates a victim's node by controlling its network connections, feeding it false information, or preventing it from receiving valid transactions or blocks. Eclipse attacks can disrupt consensus and facilitate double spending or other malicious activities.

The distinction between cryptographic keys that are protected with encryption algorithms and those that are stored or transmitted without encryption. Encrypted keys offer greater security and confidentiality, while unencrypted keys are vulnerable to interception, theft, or unauthorized access.

The process of converting plaintext or unencrypted data into ciphertext or encrypted data using cryptographic algorithms and keys. Encryption ensures confidentiality, integrity, and privacy in blockchain transactions, communications, and data storage.

A collaborative consortium of industry leaders, startups, and academic institutions focused on developing and promoting Ethereum-based blockchain solutions for enterprise applications. The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) aims to drive interoperability, scalability, and adoption of Ethereum technology in various industries.

A measure of randomness, uncertainty, or disorder in a system or process. In cryptography, entropy is crucial for generating secure cryptographic keys and ensuring randomness in cryptographic operations such as key generation, encryption, and hashing.

A period of time or a specific point in a blockchain's history, typically associated with the implementation of significant protocol changes, consensus adjustments, or upgrades. Epochs are used to measure and synchronize blockchain activity and evolution.

An abbreviation for Ethereum Request for Comments, a formalized process used to propose and discuss standards, specifications, and improvements for the Ethereum blockchain. ERC standards define rules and protocols for tokens, smart contracts, and other Ethereum-based applications.

A technical standard or protocol for creating and issuing fungible tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. The ERC-20 token standard defines a set of rules and functions that enable interoperability, compatibility, and uniformity among Ethereum-based tokens.

A technical standard or protocol for creating and managing non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain. The ERC-721 token standard allows for the unique identification, ownership, and transfer of digital assets, such as collectibles, artwork, and in-game items.

Units or subdivisions of the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain, called Ether (ETH). Common denominations of Ether include wei, gwei, szabo, finney, and ether, each representing different fractions or multiples of the base unit.

A decentralized blockchain platform and cryptocurrency created by Vitalik Buterin and launched in 2015. Ethereum enables the development and execution of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) on its network, offering programmable money, decentralized finance (DeFi), and tokenization.

A formal document or proposal submitted by Ethereum developers, stakeholders, or community members to suggest improvements, changes, or new features for the Ethereum blockchain or its ecosystem. Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) undergo review, discussion, and implementation by the Ethereum community.

A decentralized domain name system (DNS) built on the Ethereum blockchain, allowing users to register and manage human-readable domain names for their Ethereum addresses, smart contracts, or decentralized applications (DApps). The Ethereum Name Service (ENS) aims to simplify cryptocurrency transactions and enhance user experience.

A Turing-complete virtual machine and runtime environment that executes smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) on the Ethereum blockchain. The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) enables code execution, state changes, and interactions within the Ethereum ecosystem.

The irreversible confirmation and settlement of transactions or blocks on a blockchain, indicating that they are considered valid, immutable, and permanently recorded. Finality ensures trust and certainty in blockchain transactions and consensus mechanisms.

A unit of measurement for cryptocurrency transactions, named after Hal Finney, a cryptographic pioneer and early Bitcoin contributor. One Finney represents 0.001 (1/1000) of a Bitcoin (BTC), equivalent to 10^−3 BTC or 1000 Satoshi.

A term used in the cryptocurrency community to describe a hypothetical scenario where the market capitalization of one cryptocurrency surpasses that of another, typically in reference to a potential event where Ethereum's market capitalization surpasses that of Bitcoin's.

A term used in the cryptocurrency community to describe a scenario where the dominance or market capitalization of one cryptocurrency surpasses that of another. For example, the Flippening refers to the potential event where Ethereum's market capitalization surpasses that of Bitcoin's.

A divergence or split in the blockchain's transaction history, resulting in the creation of two or more separate chains with a shared history up to a certain point. Forks can be categorized as soft forks, hard forks, or accidental forks, depending on the nature and impact of the divergence.

A rigorous method used to mathematically prove the correctness, security, and behavior of smart contracts, cryptographic protocols, or software systems. Formal verification involves formalizing system specifications, properties, and requirements, and using mathematical techniques to verify their correctness.

A complete copy of the blockchain ledger maintained by a participant or node in a blockchain network. Full nodes validate and relay transactions, enforce consensus rules, and store the entire transaction history, contributing to the security and decentralization of the network.

The property of an asset or currency that enables each unit or token to be interchangeable and indistinguishable from one another. Fungibility ensures that each unit of the asset has the same value and can be used interchangeably in transactions without affecting their validity or utility.

A unit of measurement for computational work or resource consumption on the Ethereum blockchain. Gas is used to calculate transaction fees and compensate miners or validators for processing and executing smart contracts or transactions on the Ethereum network.

The maximum amount of gas allowed for a transaction or smart contract execution on the Ethereum blockchain. Gas limits prevent infinite loops, denial-of-service attacks, or excessive resource consumption by limiting the computational complexity of transactions.

The amount of cryptocurrency, typically denominated in Ether (ETH), that users are willing to pay for each unit of gas used in a transaction on the Ethereum blockchain. Gas prices influence transaction prioritization and miners' incentive to include transactions in blocks.

The inaugural or first block in a blockchain network, marking the creation or inception of the blockchain. The Genesis Block contains unique data, such as the initial transactions, timestamps, and cryptographic parameters, serving as the foundation for the entire blockchain's history.

A communication protocol used by nodes in a decentralized network, such as blockchain, to disseminate information, propagate transactions, and synchronize data. Gossip protocols rely on peer-to-peer communication and random dissemination of messages to achieve network-wide consensus and coordination.

The process of decision-making, rule-setting, and management within a decentralized organization, blockchain network, or cryptocurrency ecosystem. Governance mechanisms define how stakeholders participate, vote, and influence the direction, policies, and protocols of the system.

A unit of measurement for gas prices and transaction fees on the Ethereum blockchain, equivalent to 0.000000001 Ether (ETH). Gwei is commonly used to denominate small fractions of Ether, especially in the context of gas prices and smart contract interactions.

A programmed event in some cryptocurrency protocols, such as Bitcoin, where the block reward given to miners for validating transactions is reduced by half. Halving events occur periodically and aim to control inflation, regulate the supply of the cryptocurrency, and maintain economic incentives for miners.

The maximum supply or limit imposed on the issuance of a cryptocurrency or token, defining the total number of units that can ever exist. Hard caps ensure scarcity, value preservation, and predictability in cryptocurrency ecosystems.

A significant and irreversible divergence or split in a blockchain's protocol rules, resulting in two separate and incompatible chains. Hard forks typically occur due to fundamental protocol changes, governance disputes, or consensus failures, leading to separate communities and networks.

A physical device or hardware-based wallet used to store and manage cryptocurrency private keys securely offline. Hardware wallets offer enhanced security features, such as tamper-proofing, encryption, and isolated key storage, protecting digital assets from online threats and unauthorized access.

A fixed-length string of characters generated by applying a cryptographic hash function to input data. Hashes are unique representations of data and are used in blockchain networks for various purposes, including data integrity verification, address generation, and block validation.

A smart contract used in cryptocurrencies and blockchain networks to enable conditional transactions between parties. HTLCs use hash functions and time locks to ensure that funds are only released if certain conditions are met within a specified timeframe.

A mathematical algorithm that converts an input (or 'message') into a fixed-size string of bytes, typically represented as a hexadecimal number. Hash functions are used in blockchain technology for data integrity verification, cryptographic operations, and generating unique identifiers.

The speed or rate at which a mining device or network can perform cryptographic hash functions, measured in hashes per second (H/s), kilo hashes per second (kH/s), mega hashes per second (MH/s), giga hashes per second (GH/s), or tera hashes per second (TH/s). Hash rate reflects the computational power and efficiency of mining hardware or networks.

An abbreviation for Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet, a type of cryptocurrency wallet that generates a hierarchical tree-like structure of public and private keys from a single master seed. HD wallets enhance security, privacy, and ease of key management for cryptocurrency users.

A base-16 numbering system commonly used in computing and digital systems to represent binary data in a human-readable format. Hexadecimal notation uses sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F) to represent numbers, addresses, and data in programming languages, memory addresses, and cryptographic operations.

A cybersecurity technique or trap used to detect, deflect, or counteract unauthorized access, attacks, or exploitation attempts on a network, system, or application. Honeypots mimic vulnerable or valuable assets to attract and monitor malicious actors, gather threat intelligence, and enhance security defenses.

A cryptocurrency wallet or storage solution connected to the internet or actively used for transactions, trading, or short-term storage of digital assets. Hot wallets provide convenient access but are more susceptible to hacking, theft, or unauthorized access compared to cold wallets.

An open-source collaborative project hosted by the Linux Foundation, focusing on developing enterprise-grade blockchain frameworks, tools, and protocols for various industries and use cases. Hyperledger aims to promote interoperability, scalability, and standardization in blockchain technology.

A visual representation or graphical avatar generated from cryptographic data, such as public keys, addresses, or hashes, used to visually identify users, accounts, or entities in blockchain systems. Identicons provide recognizable and unique patterns based on input data, enhancing user identification and interaction in decentralized applications.

The property of being unchangeable, unalterable, or tamper-evident in a blockchain or distributed ledger system. Immutability ensures that once data is recorded or committed to the blockchain, it cannot be modified, deleted, or reversed, providing trust, transparency, and auditability in digital transactions.

Describing data or records that cannot be changed, modified, or tampered with once they have been added to a blockchain or distributed ledger. Immutable data ensures the integrity, security, and permanence of information stored on the blockchain.

A data structure or database feature used to organize, search, and retrieve information efficiently based on specific criteria, such as keys, values, or attributes. In blockchain technology, indexes are often used to optimize data access, query performance, and user experience.

A fundraising event or token sale conducted on a cryptocurrency exchange platform, where projects or startups issue and sell digital tokens directly to investors or traders. Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs) provide access to a broader investor base and offer liquidity and market exposure for newly issued tokens.

A miniature electronic circuit or chip composed of interconnected semiconductor devices, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors, fabricated on a single semiconductor wafer or substrate. Integrated circuits serve as essential components in electronic devices, computing systems, and blockchain hardware.

A transaction that occurs within the execution environment of a smart contract or decentralized application (DApp) on a blockchain network, involving the transfer of digital assets or triggering of contract functions between addresses controlled by the same entity or application. Internal transactions are recorded on the blockchain and can affect the state or behavior of smart contracts.

The ability of different blockchain networks, protocols, or systems to seamlessly exchange data, assets, or value and operate together cohesively. Interoperability enables cross-chain communication, asset transfers, and decentralized applications (DApps) interoperability, fostering innovation, scalability, and collaboration in the blockchain ecosystem.

A decentralized peer-to-peer file storage and distribution protocol designed to create a distributed web or permanent web archive. IPFS uses content-based addressing and distributed hash tables (DHTs) to store and retrieve files across a network of interconnected nodes, offering censorship-resistant, tamper-proof, and content-addressable storage.

The process of creating and distributing new digital assets, tokens, or currencies on a blockchain network. Issuance involves generating cryptographic keys, defining asset properties, and recording issuance transactions on the blockchain's ledger, often accompanied by smart contracts to automate issuance rules and distribution.

A cryptographic hash function and algorithm used in blockchain technology and digital signatures, known for its resistance to cryptanalysis and security properties. Keccak is used in various blockchain networks and applications, including Ethereum, for hashing data, generating addresses, and verifying transactions.

A file format used to securely store encrypted private keys or seed phrases for cryptocurrency wallets. Keystore files contain encrypted versions of private keys, protected by passwords or passphrases, and are used to restore or access wallet funds without exposing sensitive information to potential attackers.

A scaling solution that aims to increase the transaction throughput, capacity, or efficiency of a blockchain network's base layer or protocol. Layer 1 scaling solutions typically involve protocol upgrades, optimizations, or changes to the blockchain's consensus mechanism or data structure to improve scalability and performance.

A scaling solution that enhances the capacity, speed, or functionality of a blockchain network through off-chain protocols, techniques, or layers built on top of the base layer. Layer 2 scaling solutions, such as state channels and sidechains, enable faster, cheaper, and more scalable transactions while leveraging the security of the underlying blockchain.

A decentralized or distributed database or record-keeping system that stores and maintains a chronological and tamper-proof history of transactions or data entries. Ledgers are fundamental to blockchain technology and serve as transparent, immutable, and auditable repositories of digital transactions and assets.

Cryptocurrency tokens or assets designed to amplify the price movements of an underlying asset or index, typically through leverage or derivatives contracts. Leveraged tokens enable traders to gain exposure to leveraged positions without directly managing margin requirements or liquidation risks.

A type of cryptocurrency wallet or node software that operates with reduced resource requirements, storage, and bandwidth compared to full nodes. Light clients synchronize with the blockchain by requesting relevant data from full nodes or simplified verification methods, offering lightweight and efficient access to blockchain networks.

A second-layer scaling solution and off-chain payment protocol designed to enable fast, low-cost, and scalable Bitcoin transactions. The Lightning Network facilitates instant micropayments and peer-to-peer transactions by creating payment channels between participants, allowing for secure and trustless value transfer outside the Bitcoin blockchain.

A democratic governance model that combines elements of direct democracy and representative democracy, allowing citizens to delegate their voting power or decision-making authority to trusted representatives or proxies. Liquid democracy enables flexible and dynamic participation in decision-making processes, enhancing democratic accountability and inclusivity.

The degree to which an asset, currency, or market can be bought or sold quickly, easily, and without causing significant price fluctuations. Liquidity reflects the availability of buyers and sellers in a market and is essential for efficient trading, price discovery, and stability in financial markets and cryptocurrency exchanges.

A situation in which financial markets or institutions experience a shortage or drying up of liquidity, making it difficult to buy or sell assets, meet obligations, or access funding. Liquidity crises can lead to market disruptions, asset price volatility, and systemic risks, requiring intervention or liquidity injections by central banks or regulators.

An individual, institution, or entity that contributes liquidity to financial markets, exchanges, or trading platforms by offering to buy or sell assets, currencies, or securities. Liquidity providers enhance market efficiency, depth, and stability by facilitating trading activities and reducing bid-ask spreads and transaction costs.

The main and operational version of a blockchain network where real transactions and activities occur, as opposed to test networks or development environments. Mainnet denotes the live and production-ready state of a blockchain, where cryptocurrencies are transacted and smart contracts are executed.

The process of migrating or transferring digital assets, tokens, or cryptocurrencies from a testnet or development environment to the mainnet or production blockchain network. Mainnet swaps typically involve converting tokens from temporary or simulated networks into live and tradable assets.

A full node or server in a blockchain network that performs additional functions or services beyond basic transaction validation and block propagation. Masternodes often facilitate advanced features such as instant transactions, privacy enhancements, and governance participation, requiring a certain amount of cryptocurrency as collateral.

The total or maximum amount of a cryptocurrency or token that will ever be created or available according to its protocol rules or issuance schedule. Maximum supply sets an upper limit on the total circulation and inflation rate of the cryptocurrency, ensuring scarcity and long-term value preservation.

Short for Memory Pool, the mempool is a temporary storage area in a blockchain network where valid but unconfirmed transactions are held before being included in a block and added to the blockchain. Miners or validators prioritize transactions from the mempool based on factors such as transaction fees and gas prices.

A mining technique where miners can simultaneously mine multiple cryptocurrencies or blockchain networks that share a common consensus mechanism or hashing algorithm. Merged mining allows miners to secure multiple blockchains using the same computational resources, enhancing security and incentivizing participation.

A hierarchical data structure used in blockchain technology to efficiently store and verify the integrity of large sets of data or transactions. Merkle trees organize data into leaf nodes, hash each node, and combine hashes upward to generate a single root hash, enabling efficient verification and authentication of blockchain data.

Additional descriptive or contextual information associated with digital assets, transactions, or records stored on a blockchain. Metadata provides insights, annotations, or attributes about the data, enabling enhanced search, analysis, and interpretation of blockchain content.

A virtual or digital universe created by the convergence of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), blockchain technology, and other emerging technologies. The metaverse encompasses interconnected virtual worlds, environments, and experiences where users can interact, transact, and create digital assets and economies.

The process of validating and adding new transactions to a blockchain's public ledger through computational work and consensus mechanisms, such as proof of work (PoW) or proof of stake (PoS). Miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles or algorithms to secure the network, validate transactions, and earn rewards.

A facility or operation composed of multiple mining rigs, servers, or specialized hardware dedicated to cryptocurrency mining activities. Mining farms optimize energy efficiency, cooling, and hardware maintenance to maximize mining profitability and scale blockchain network participation.

A series of words or a passphrase used to generate and derive a cryptographic key or seed for a cryptocurrency wallet or account. Mnemonic phrases provide a human-readable and memorable way to back up and restore wallet access, ensuring secure storage and recovery of digital assets.

A set of rules, guidelines, or protocols governing the issuance, distribution, and management of a cryptocurrency's monetary supply and inflation rate. Monetary policies define parameters such as maximum supply, emission rates, and issuance schedules to maintain economic stability and align with project goals.

A security feature or cryptographic scheme that requires multiple authorized signatures or approvals from different parties to validate and authorize a transaction or operation. Multisignature wallets enhance security and reduce the risk of unauthorized access or fraudulent transactions in blockchain systems.

A cryptographic security mechanism that requires multiple cryptographic signatures or keys to authorize and execute a transaction or operation on a blockchain. Multi-signature (multi-sig) schemes enhance security and accountability by distributing control among multiple parties or signatories.

The minimum price at which a particular type of non-fungible token (NFT) is available for purchase on an NFT marketplace or platform. NFT floor prices serve as baseline values for NFT assets, reflecting the lowest asking price for an individual item within a collection or category.

An online platform or digital marketplace where non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are bought, sold, traded, and auctioned. NFT marketplaces provide a venue for creators, collectors, and investors to exchange digital assets, artworks, collectibles, and virtual goods using blockchain technology.

A type of non-fungible token (NFT) offering where buyers purchase a virtual mystery box containing randomized or undisclosed digital assets, collectibles, or experiences. NFT mystery boxes add an element of surprise, anticipation, and gamification to digital asset ownership and trading.

A unique and indivisible digital asset or token that represents ownership, authenticity, and provenance of a specific item, artwork, collectible, or digital content. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are distinguishable from each other and cannot be replicated, subdivided, or exchanged on a one-to-one basis like cryptocurrencies.

A participant or device connected to a blockchain network that maintains a copy of the distributed ledger, validates transactions, and communicates with other nodes to propagate information and achieve consensus. Nodes can be full nodes, which store the entire blockchain, or lightweight nodes, which rely on full nodes for data.

A cryptographic number or value used only once in a blockchain transaction to prevent replay attacks and ensure transaction uniqueness. Nonces are included in transaction data and are incrementally adjusted until a valid block hash is generated through the mining process.

A term used in Ethereum to refer to a block that is part of the blockchain but not directly included in the main chain. Ommer blocks, also known as 'uncle blocks' or 'stale blocks,' are created by miners who produce valid blocks that are not selected as the canonical chain tip but still receive a reduced block reward.

Software with its source code made available to the public under an open-source license, allowing users to view, modify, distribute, and contribute to the codebase. Open-source software (OSS) promotes collaboration, transparency, and innovation within development communities and fosters rapid iteration and improvement of software projects.

A trusted external data source or service that provides real-world information or data to smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) on a blockchain. Oracles enable blockchain systems to interact with external events, data feeds, APIs, and off-chain systems, facilitating the execution of smart contract conditions and actions.

A type of numerical representation or classification used to denote the position, sequence, or order of items in a set or list. Ordinals indicate the relative position or ranking of elements, such as first, second, third, and so on, and are commonly used in data indexing, sorting, and enumeration.

A valid block that is not part of the main blockchain due to competing blocks being mined and confirmed at the same time. Orphan blocks, also known as 'orphaned blocks' or 'detached blocks,' occur when multiple miners simultaneously find valid solutions to the proof-of-work puzzle, resulting in temporary forks that are eventually resolved by network consensus.

A physical document or printout containing cryptocurrency public and private keys in a human-readable format, used for offline storage and secure cold storage of digital assets. Paper wallets provide an additional layer of security by keeping keys offline, away from potential online threats such as hacking or malware.

A state or condition of equality, balance, or equivalence in blockchain networks, particularly regarding the distribution of power, control, or influence among network participants or stakeholders. Parity ensures fairness, transparency, and consensus in decentralized systems.

An investment strategy that aims to replicate the performance of a market index or benchmark by holding a diversified portfolio of assets without actively buying or selling securities. Passive management, also known as 'index investing,' minimizes costs, turnover, and risk associated with active trading and seeks to achieve long-term investment returns.

A type of blockchain network or distributed ledger system where access permissions and participation rights are restricted to authorized entities or participants. Permissioned ledgers offer controlled access, governance, and privacy features suitable for enterprise applications and regulated industries.

A type of blockchain network where anyone can participate, transact, and contribute to the network without requiring permission or approval from a central authority. Permissionless blockchains are decentralized and open to public participation, enabling censorship-resistant, trustless, and borderless transactions.

A cyberattack or fraudulent technique used to deceive individuals, users, or organizations into divulging sensitive information, such as passwords, private keys, or financial data, by impersonating legitimate entities or websites. Phishing attacks often involve email, social engineering, or deceptive websites to exploit human vulnerabilities.

A scaling solution and framework for Ethereum and other blockchain platforms designed to increase transaction throughput and scalability by offloading transaction processing to secondary 'child' chains while maintaining security through periodic checkpoints and cryptographic verification.

An extension of the Plasma scaling solution for blockchain networks, focusing on enhancing the security, usability, and fungibility of digital assets by representing each token or asset as a unique 'coin' with a unique serial number. Plasma Cash aims to improve scalability and reduce blockchain bloat by representing ownership of assets with succinct proofs.

A consensus mechanism or protocol for blockchain networks that combines elements of both proof of stake (PoS) and proof of work (PoW) algorithms to achieve consensus and validate transactions. PoS/PoW hybrids seek to leverage the advantages of both algorithms, such as security, decentralization, and energy efficiency.

A technical analysis approach used in financial markets and trading to analyze and interpret the movement and behavior of asset prices over time, primarily through the use of price charts, patterns, and indicators. Price action focuses on studying price movements, trends, and key levels to make trading decisions.

A classic game theory scenario that illustrates the tension between individual rationality and collective cooperation. In the Prisoner's Dilemma, two rational actors must decide whether to cooperate or defect, knowing that mutual cooperation yields the best outcome, but individual defection may lead to personal gain at the expense of the other.

Describing techniques, protocols, or systems designed to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity of users' data, transactions, or interactions in digital environments. Privacy-preserving technologies aim to mitigate risks associated with data breaches, surveillance, and unauthorized access while enabling secure and private communication and transactions.

A type of blockchain network or distributed ledger system where access permissions, data visibility, and participation rights are restricted to authorized entities or participants. Private blockchains offer controlled access, governance, and data privacy features suitable for enterprise applications, consortia, and closed ecosystems.

A form of currency issued by a private entity, organization, or individual, typically for restricted use within a specific community, network, or ecosystem. Private currencies may serve as alternative forms of money, tokens, or rewards and are subject to the rules, policies, and governance of their issuers.

A unique and confidential cryptographic key used to authenticate and authorize access to a user's digital assets, accounts, or identities on a blockchain network. Private keys are mathematically linked to public keys and are essential for signing transactions, proving ownership, and securing digital assets.

A fundraising event or token sale conducted by a blockchain project or cryptocurrency issuer to private investors, institutions, or accredited individuals before offering tokens to the public. Private sales often provide early access, discounted prices, or exclusive bonuses to participants in exchange for investment capital or strategic partnerships.

A type of web application that utilizes modern web technologies and capabilities to deliver a user experience similar to native mobile applications. Progressive web applications (PWAs) are designed to be reliable, fast, and engaging, featuring offline support, push notifications, and responsive design.

A blockchain-based protocol or token standard used to issue digital badges, certificates, or tokens to event attendees, participants, or contributors to verify their presence, engagement, or participation in physical or virtual events. Proof of Attendance Protocol (POAP) tokens provide unique, non-fungible proof of event attendance recorded on the blockchain.

A consensus mechanism or algorithm used in blockchain networks where block validators are identified and authorized by a central authority or consortium of trusted entities. Proof of Authority (PoA) relies on reputation, identity, and stake to achieve consensus and secure the network, offering high throughput and low energy consumption.

A mechanism or protocol used by custodians or financial institutions to provide cryptographic proof and evidence that they possess or control the assets they claim to hold on behalf of their clients or customers. Proof of Reserves (POR) enhances transparency, accountability, and trust in custodial services and financial institutions.

A consensus mechanism or algorithm used in blockchain networks where the probability of validating and adding new blocks to the blockchain is determined by the amount of cryptocurrency tokens held or staked by participants. Proof of Stake (PoS) seeks to achieve consensus and secure the network through economic incentives and stakeholder participation.

A consensus mechanism or algorithm used in blockchain networks where miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles or cryptographic hash functions to validate transactions and create new blocks. Proof of Work (PoW) requires computational work and energy expenditure as a means to achieve consensus and secure the network against attacks.

A design principle or architectural pattern in blockchain networks where the roles of block proposer (leader) and block builder (miner) are separated to improve decentralization, scalability, and efficiency. Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) decouples the process of proposing new blocks from the process of executing transactions and constructing blocks, reducing bottlenecks and latency.

A set of rules, guidelines, or conventions governing the behavior, communication, and interactions between participants or entities in a network or system. Protocols define standards for data exchange, validation, encryption, and error handling, facilitating interoperability and compatibility among diverse platforms and applications.

A type of blockchain network or distributed ledger system where access permissions, data visibility, and participation rights are open to anyone, allowing for public inspection, validation, and contribution. Public blockchains are decentralized and transparent, enabling censorship-resistant, trustless, and permissionless transactions and interactions.

A type of double-spending attack in blockchain networks where an attacker attempts to spend the same digital currency or cryptocurrency tokens in multiple transactions simultaneously by exploiting timing or race conditions in transaction validation and confirmation. Race attacks aim to deceive merchants or exchanges by presenting conflicting transaction histories.

A strategic plan, document, or timeline outlining the goals, objectives, milestones, and tasks of a project, organization, or initiative over a specific period. Roadmaps provide a visual and strategic overview of planned activities, development stages, and key deliverables to guide decision-making, resource allocation, and progress tracking.

A layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum and other blockchain platforms that aggregates multiple transactions or smart contract computations off-chain before submitting a single compressed proof or summary to the main blockchain for verification and settlement. Rollups aim to improve scalability, reduce fees, and enhance efficiency without compromising security.

A network security attack or exploit targeting the routing infrastructure or protocols of a computer network to intercept, modify, or redirect data packets between network nodes or destinations. Routing attacks can disrupt communication, compromise data integrity, and facilitate man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, posing risks to network security and privacy.

A deceptive or fraudulent practice in decentralized finance (DeFi) or cryptocurrency markets where developers or liquidity providers abruptly withdraw or drain funds from a project, protocol, or liquidity pool, causing significant financial losses to investors or participants. Rug pulls exploit trust, liquidity, and vulnerabilities in smart contracts or protocols.

The smallest unit of Bitcoin, representing one hundred millionth of a single Bitcoin (0.00000001 BTC). Named after Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator(s) of Bitcoin, a satoshi is used as the base unit for measuring and denominating Bitcoin transactions and values.

The pseudonymous individual or group credited with the creation of Bitcoin, the world's first decentralized cryptocurrency, and author of the Bitcoin whitepaper published in 2008. Satoshi Nakamoto's true identity remains unknown, and their disappearance from public view adds to the mystique surrounding the origins of Bitcoin.

The ability of a blockchain network, protocol, or system to handle increasing transaction volumes, user activity, and data throughput without compromising performance, efficiency, or decentralization. Scalability solutions aim to improve network capacity, transaction speed, and resource utilization to support mass adoption and global usage.

A reserve fund or pool established by cryptocurrency exchanges or platforms to protect users' funds and assets in case of security breaches, hacks, or unforeseen incidents. The Secure Asset Fund for Users (SAFU) serves as a safety net, providing compensation or refunds to affected users in the event of loss or theft.

A thorough review, assessment, and evaluation of the security measures, vulnerabilities, and potential risks of a software application, smart contract, or system conducted by independent cybersecurity experts or auditing firms. Security audits aim to identify and mitigate security flaws, loopholes, and weaknesses to enhance system resilience and protect against attacks.

A series of words or a mnemonic phrase used to generate and recover a cryptographic wallet's private keys or seed in a human-readable and memorable format. Seed phrases provide a backup mechanism for restoring wallet access and recovering digital assets in case of loss, theft, or hardware failure.

A protocol upgrade implemented on the Bitcoin network to increase transaction throughput, improve scalability, and mitigate transaction malleability by separating transaction signature data (witness) from transaction data. Segregated Witness (SegWit) optimizes block space and enables the implementation of second-layer scaling solutions such as the Lightning Network.

Describing smart contracts or autonomous programs that automatically execute predefined instructions, conditions, or agreements encoded in their code when specific conditions or triggers are met. Self-executing contracts operate without the need for human intervention, ensuring trustless and tamper-proof execution of transactions and agreements on blockchain networks.

A digital identity model where individuals have full control and ownership over their personal data, credentials, and digital interactions without relying on centralized authorities or intermediaries. Self-sovereign identity solutions leverage decentralized technologies such as blockchain to enable secure, portable, and privacy-enhancing identity management.

The process of converting structured data or objects into a linear sequence of bytes or bits for storage, transmission, or processing in computer systems or networks. Serialization allows complex data structures, objects, or states to be represented in a portable and platform-independent format suitable for storage or transmission.

A scaling technique and architectural design pattern used in blockchain networks to partition or divide the network into smaller subsets or shards, each capable of processing transactions and executing smart contracts independently. Sharding improves network scalability, throughput, and efficiency by parallelizing transaction processing and state management.

A secondary blockchain network connected to a primary blockchain, known as the main chain, through two-way pegging mechanisms that allow assets to be transferred between chains. Sidechains enable experimentation, innovation, and scalability enhancements while preserving interoperability and compatibility with the main blockchain.

A set of rules, criteria, or conditions implemented in blockchain networks, particularly those using proof of stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms, to penalize or slash the stakes or deposits of validators or participants for malicious or non-compliant behavior. Slashing conditions deter attacks and ensure the security and integrity of the network.

A unit of time or interval in blockchain networks, particularly those using proof of stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms, representing a period during which a validator or participant has the opportunity to propose or validate a new block. Slots determine the rotation and scheduling of validators in the consensus process.

Self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. They automatically execute and enforce terms when conditions are met, without the need for intermediaries. Smart contracts operate on blockchain networks, providing transparency, security, and efficiency in executing agreements and transactions.

A comprehensive review and assessment of the code, functionality, and security of a smart contract conducted by independent auditors or specialized firms. Smart contract audits aim to identify vulnerabilities, bugs, or flaws in the code to enhance security, reliability, and trustworthiness before deployment.

A record or point-in-time capture of the state, data, or information of a blockchain or decentralized system at a specific moment, typically used for governance, voting, or decision-making purposes. Snapshots enable stakeholders to assess network conditions, token holdings, or user balances at a particular block height or time.

A type of cryptocurrency wallet that utilizes social authentication or multi-party authorization mechanisms to recover access or control of funds in case of lost keys or account recovery situations. Social recovery wallets rely on trusted contacts, friends, or family members to assist in regaining wallet access.

A backward-compatible upgrade or change to the consensus rules of a blockchain network that tightens or restricts the existing protocol without creating a permanent divergence or split in the blockchain. Soft forks maintain consensus compatibility with legacy nodes while imposing new rules or conditions on block validation.

A high-level programming language used for writing smart contracts on Ethereum and other blockchain platforms. Solidity is statically typed and supports inheritance, libraries, and complex data structures, making it suitable for developing decentralized applications (DApps) and automated contracts.

The human-readable version of a computer program or software application written in a programming language before compilation or execution. Source code contains instructions, logic, and algorithms that define the behavior, functionality, and structure of a software product and serves as the basis for software development, modification, and analysis.

The process of participating in a proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain network by holding and locking cryptocurrency tokens in a wallet to support network operations, validate transactions, and earn rewards. Staking contributes to network security, consensus, and decentralization while incentivizing token holders to actively participate in network governance.

A collective pool or group of cryptocurrency holders who combine their resources, tokens, or stakes to increase their chances of earning rewards and participating in block validation or consensus on a proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain network. Staking pools enable smaller token holders to collectively compete with larger stakeholders.

The current condition, status, or representation of data, accounts, balances, or contracts stored in a blockchain network or system at a specific point in time. State includes all information necessary to determine the current state of the system, including account balances, contract code, and storage contents.

A mechanism or off-chain protocol used in blockchain networks to enable faster, cheaper, and scalable transactions and interactions by conducting most operations off-chain, with only the final settlement recorded on the main blockchain. State channels facilitate instant micropayments, games, and interactive applications while reducing blockchain congestion.

An asset, commodity, or currency that maintains its purchasing power and retains value over time, serving as a reliable and stable medium for storing wealth or transferring economic worth across time and space. Stores of value are resistant to inflation, erosion, or depreciation and are commonly used for savings, investment, and wealth preservation.

The network of entities, processes, and activities involved in the production, distribution, and delivery of goods and services from suppliers to consumers. Supply chain management encompasses logistics, procurement, manufacturing, inventory management, and transportation, aiming to optimize efficiency, transparency, and sustainability throughout the value chain.

A separate blockchain or network environment used for testing, development, and experimentation of blockchain applications, smart contracts, and protocol upgrades without risking real assets or transactions. Testnets mimic the main blockchain's functionality but operate on a separate chain with test tokens or coins for sandboxed testing.

A shorthand abbreviation or symbol used to represent a cryptocurrency, token, or digital asset on exchanges, trading platforms, and financial markets. Tickers provide a concise and standardized way to identify and reference cryptocurrencies, facilitating trading, price tracking, and market analysis.

A digital representation of an asset, utility, or value stored and transferred on a blockchain network. Tokens can represent various assets such as cryptocurrencies, securities, commodities, or rights and are often used in decentralized applications (DApps) for governance, payments, or access to services.

The process of converting real-world assets, rights, or assets into digital tokens on a blockchain or distributed ledger system. Tokenization enables fractional ownership, transferability, and liquidity of assets, allowing them to be represented, traded, and managed in digital form.

A mechanism or smart contract feature that restricts or locks up tokens for a specified period, preventing their transfer, sale, or use until certain conditions, milestones, or time periods are met. Token lockups are commonly used in token sales, staking, vesting schedules, and governance mechanisms to incentivize long-term commitment and alignment of interests.

The economic principles, dynamics, and incentives governing the creation, distribution, circulation, and utilization of tokens within a blockchain ecosystem or cryptocurrency project. Tokenomics encompasses token supply, issuance, distribution mechanisms, utility, governance, and economic models that drive token value and ecosystem sustainability.

A fundraising event or mechanism where issuers offer and sell tokens to investors, contributors, or the public in exchange for investment capital, typically conducted through initial coin offerings (ICOs), security token offerings (STOs), or initial exchange offerings (IEOs). Token sales enable projects to raise funds and distribute tokens to support development, operations, and ecosystem growth.

The maximum or total quantity of tokens, coins, or assets that can ever exist or be generated within a blockchain network or cryptocurrency ecosystem. Total supply includes circulating supply, reserved tokens, and tokens allocated for various purposes such as rewards, incentives, or governance.

A metric used to measure the total value of assets, cryptocurrencies, or tokens locked and secured in decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, smart contracts, or liquidity pools on a blockchain network. Total Value Locked (TVL) reflects the overall activity, liquidity, and capital efficiency of DeFi platforms and ecosystems.

A collection or group of validated transactions bundled together and added to the blockchain as a single unit, forming the fundamental building blocks of the blockchain. Transaction blocks contain transaction data, timestamps, cryptographic hashes, and references to previous blocks, ensuring immutability, integrity, and chronological order within the blockchain.

A fee or charge paid by users or participants to prioritize, validate, and include their transactions in the blockchain network. Transaction fees compensate miners or validators for processing transactions, securing the network, and maintaining consensus, serving as an economic incentive mechanism to prevent spam and prioritize transaction processing.

A unique identifier or cryptographic hash generated to uniquely identify and reference a specific transaction on a blockchain network. Transaction IDs (TXIDs) are used to track, verify, and confirm transaction details such as sender, recipient, amount, and timestamp, providing transparency and auditability in blockchain transactions.

A measure of the processing capacity, throughput, and efficiency of a blockchain network, representing the number of transactions successfully processed or confirmed per second. Transactions per second (TPS) indicate the scalability, performance, and responsiveness of blockchain networks in handling transactional demand and network congestion.

Describing systems, protocols, or transactions that operate without the need for trust or reliance on intermediaries, central authorities, or third parties. Trustless systems leverage cryptographic algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to enable verifiable, transparent, and tamper-proof interactions among participants in a decentralized manner.

A mobile cryptocurrency wallet application that provides users with a secure and decentralized platform for storing, managing, and exchanging digital assets. Trust Wallet supports a wide range of cryptocurrencies, tokens, and decentralized applications (DApps) and emphasizes user privacy, security, and control over their funds.

A property of a programming language, system, or computational model that can simulate any algorithm or computation, given sufficient resources and time. Turing-complete systems, such as Ethereum's Solidity programming language, are capable of expressing and executing a wide range of computations and smart contracts, making them highly expressive and versatile.

A standard unit or measure used to represent and quantify economic value, prices, and transactions within an economic system or financial market. Unit of account serves as a common denominator for expressing values, pricing goods and services, and facilitating trade and exchange in monetary systems.

A model used in blockchain systems, particularly Bitcoin, where transactions are viewed as inputs and outputs. UTXOs represent unspent outputs of previous transactions and serve as inputs for new transactions. UTXO-based systems offer improved privacy, security, and scalability compared to account-based models.

The graphical or visual interface through which users interact with software applications, websites, or digital systems. User interfaces (UIs) include elements such as menus, buttons, forms, and navigation tools designed to facilitate user interaction, navigation, and usability.

A participant or node in a blockchain network responsible for validating, verifying, and processing transactions, blocks, or smart contracts according to network consensus rules. Validators play a crucial role in securing the network, achieving consensus, and maintaining the integrity of the distributed ledger.

Evidence or cryptographic proof provided to demonstrate the correctness, authenticity, or integrity of a transaction, data structure, or computation in a blockchain network. Validity proofs are used to verify the validity of transactions, blocks, or smart contracts and ensure compliance with network rules and protocols.

A layer 2 scaling solution for blockchain networks that combines elements of both on-chain and off-chain processing to improve scalability, privacy, and efficiency. Validium networks use zero-knowledge proofs to validate transactions off-chain while providing cryptographic assurances of validity and integrity on-chain.

A unique code or token sent to users via email, SMS, or other communication channels to verify their identity, account ownership, or authorization for accessing services, performing transactions, or completing authentication processes. Verification codes add an additional layer of security and authentication in digital systems and online platforms.

A software-based emulation or abstraction of a physical computer system that runs applications, programs, or code in an isolated and sandboxed environment. Virtual machines (VMs) provide platform independence, security, and resource isolation, allowing multiple operating systems or software environments to coexist on the same physical hardware.

A software application, hardware device, or service used to store, manage, and transact digital assets, cryptocurrencies, and tokens securely. Wallets generate and store private keys, public addresses, and seed phrases, enabling users to send, receive, and safeguard their digital wealth in blockchain networks.

A concept in blockchain networks, particularly proof-of-stake (PoS) systems, where participants are required to maintain a minimal level of online activity or connectivity to maintain the security and integrity of the network. Weak subjectivity mitigates the risk of long-range attacks and ensures that participants maintain up-to-date knowledge of the network's state.

The smallest denomination of ether, the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain. Named after Wei Dai, a cryptographer and cypherpunk, wei represents the base unit of ether and is equivalent to 10^-18 ether (0.000000000000000001 ETH). Wei is used for measuring and denoting fractional amounts of ether in transactions and smart contracts.

In blockchain and cryptographic systems, whiskers refer to additional random data appended to ciphertext or cryptographic hashes to enhance security, randomness, and resistance to attacks such as rainbow table attacks, brute force attacks, and collision attacks.

A list or registry of approved, authorized, or trusted entities, addresses, or participants allowed to access, use, or interact with specific resources, services, or functionalities within a blockchain ecosystem or decentralized application (DApp). Whitelists are used to enforce access controls, prevent unauthorized activities, and enhance security and compliance.

A special or reserved address in blockchain networks, typically represented by all zeros, used to denote special conditions, default values, or null entities within the network protocol or smart contracts. Zero addresses are often used to represent the absence of a recipient or sender in transactions or to denote unspent outputs.

A cryptographic technique or protocol that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) the validity of a statement or claim without revealing any additional information beyond the fact that the statement is true. Zero-knowledge proofs provide privacy, confidentiality, and verifiability in transactions, authentication, and identity management.

Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (Zk-Snarks) is a cryptographic construction that enables the generation and verification of zero-knowledge proofs for arbitrary statements, allowing users to prove possession of certain information or credentials without revealing the information itself. Zk-Snarks are used in blockchain networks for privacy-preserving transactions, authentication, and scalability.

Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (Zk-Starks) is a cryptographic technique that provides zero-knowledge proofs for arbitrary computations, enabling the verification of complex statements without revealing any information about the inputs or outputs. Zk-Starks offer scalability, transparency, and post-quantum security, making them suitable for blockchain applications and decentralized systems.